Imagine going into your car, composing a location into its interface, and then letting the vehicle drive you to your destination while you read, surf the web, or sleep.

A driverless vehicle is one capable of sensing its environment and operating without human control. A driver is not required to take control of the vehicle at any time, nor is a human passenger required to be present in the vehicle at any point. Like a traditional car an autonomous car can go anywhere a trained human driver can drive.

Autonomous cars rely on sensors, actuators, sophisticated algorithms, machine learning systems, and extensive processors to execute software.

Autonomous cars create a map of their environment using various sensors located in different parts of the vehicle, including radar sensors that track the location of nearby vehicles, video camera detectors that read traffic signs, track other vehicles, and watch out for pedestrians.

Light detection and ranging (lidar) sensors bounce pulses of light off the car’s surroundings to measure distances, recognize road edges, and identify lane markings. Ultrasonic sensors in the wheels detect curbs and other vehicles when parking.

Sophisticated software processes sensory input from environment devices, plots a path and sends instructions to vehicle actuators to perform the actions needed to control steering, braking, and acceleration.

Various hard-coded smart programs, obstacle avoidance algorithms, predictive modeling, and object recognition navigate obstacles and help to follow traffic rules.

Fully autonomous vehicles are manufactured and tested in various locations around the world. However, their availability to the public is still years away. The challenges that the industry faces span everything from the technological to the government to the environment.

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